Brian McDowell is a Ph.D. candidate in political science at the University of Pennsylvania. His dissertation is focused on western democracies’ responses to Russian disinformation between 2013-2020. He holds master’s degrees in policy management and public administration from Georgetown and Norwich Universities, respectively. McDowell was commissioned as a Signal Officer upon graduating the United States Military Academy at West Point in 2000. He remains on active duty attending Penn as an Advanced Strategic Planning and Policy Program (ASP3) Goodpaster Scholar.